The treatment of brain diseases remains one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine, primarily due to the complexity of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the presence of the Blood–Brain Barrier (BBB), which limits the efficacy of many therapeutic agents. This session will explore recent advances in the therapeutic management of neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors and CNS injuries. The session will highlight emerging strategies in drug delivery, focusing on platforms that enhance CNS bioavailability and specificity such as targeted nanocarriers, dual-targeting systems, and non-invasive delivery routes. Moreover, cutting-edge developments in gene therapy and neuroregenerative approaches, such as stem cell-based therapy, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules, which promote neuronal survival and repair, will be explored. This session aims to bring together interdisciplinary perspectives from neuroscience, bioengineering, and precision medicine to foster dialogue on novel therapeutic frontiers with translational potential for treating complex brain diseases.